Please+cut+and+paste+your+class+notes+here.....

=__**Anna A:**__=

//Notes from 1st class//
__**Bildungsroman:**__ protagonist leaves their setting to reach an objective novel of education which traces the spiritual, moral, psychological of social development and froth of the main protagonist from childhood to maturity.
 * 1984—doesn't leave, doesn't grow
 * AHoOT—leaves, doesn't grow

//"It's the best book we've had."// //"All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn. There was nothing before and there was nothing good since."// __ **Why?** __ Genuine relationship between Huck and Jim Counters the complexity of racism and the cruelty of it with the simplicity and beauty of Jim & Huck's friendship—appealing to racism with a dove's feather rather than more conflict Mixture of innocent and mature elements—Huck & Jim's naiveté contrasted with the serious issues they face, Tom Sawyer's lighthearted treatment of Jim's capture and his injured leg Writing about an important time in American history Adventure story—continuous moments of climax Depth—Huck Finn like "Two Rivers" Addressing religion and superstition Emphasis on 'coming-of-age' in American Literature (Catcher in the Rye, On The Road) Twain wasn't aggressive with his opinion—not overtly critical and harsh (use of Huck Finn, a child's perspective, more charming and likable than Winston or Pechorin)—more persuasive Honest, genuine about something that was being looked over Simple, easy to grasp—not trying to fool you, plain and straightforward The meaning of civilization and the hypocrisy of 'civilized' people Become fully engrossed with Huck Finn—narrative voice, naïve
 * Jim as the father that Pap never was—surrogate father
 * King & Duke: horrible figures presented in a comedic, satirical manner

__ **Background** __ Published 1885 American civil war ended in 1865 (20 years earlier) Golden period—sense of equality between North and South Feeling that the South had fallen back towards inequality between races, receding in terms of treatment of blacks Frederick Douglas—friends with Mark Twain, essays (and some novels) about racism Ambiguous time frame—quickly? over 7 years? started it in a quick spur and couldn't get it finished? Difference to Tom Sawyer—fun adventure, not as political and dark Mark Twain—steamboat driver Size of America—importance of travel

__ **Episodic nature of the novel** __ //Chapters in AHoOT?// Takes form from the nature of the Mississippi river Told in a series of episodes from the point of view of the major character Symbolism of the Mississippi //Links to AHoOT—Pechorin's change with setting// 3 different classifications:
 * On land, everything turns bad—some kind of trouble (except Jackson's Island—detached from civilization
 * On the Mississippi—calm, safety
 * A. Dark/ugly/vicious side of human behavior
 * B. Episodes which provoke a distinct sense of change in Huck
 * D. Episodes which are satirical, humorous—have exaggerations or irony

__ **Episodes which are satirical, humorous—have exaggerations or irony** __ >King and Duke pose as the brothers of the dead man >Tom Sawyer's escapades (cave, picnic, Jim's breakout) >King & Duke on the raft preparing for the play >When Huck dresses up as a girl (woman can see right through it)—Jim dressing up as Aunt Sally >Shepherdson & Grangerfords—feud portrayed as ridiculous, exaggerated (satirical, exaggerated) but not humorous >Jackson's Island
 * Satirical—posing as a priest, everyone listens to them because of it (blindfaith in religion)
 * Ironic—mock the real brothers' English accent
 * Humorous—misquotations, pseudo-intellectuals
 * Huck "forgetting" his name with Buck
 * Irony of the bread—meant to find dead bodies, Huck supposedly dead andeats it
 * Jim's superstition (snake)—humorous (return at the end)

__ **Picaresque** __ Often a 'novel on the road'—sense of movement Adventure in which a central character encounters many people who represent a range of social types—worried with characters becoming caricatures, exaggerated (not enough time to be developed properly) Mischievous hero who lives near or at the edge of the law
 * Duke
 * King
 * Jim
 * Pap
 * Judge
 * Two families
 * Widow Douglas
 * Tom Sawyer
 * ..etc.

__ **Humour** __ satire //(link to 1984)//
 * Jim (realism—bizarre superstitions)
 * Duke (exaggeration)
 * King --

__ **Tom Sawyer** __ Anti-Romantic? Hero? Some issues. Huck Finn compared to Tom at the end of the novel—Huck Finn is no longer a novel and Tom is because of his experiences on the river Tom Sawyer has a Romanticism to him—lack of experience, more education (making plots, outlandish ideas)~Twain criticizing Romanticism //(link to AHoOT)//

//Notes on Literary Feature Comparisons//
__ Huck Finn __ Huck grappling with his own morality __ 1984 __ Questioning personal suffering __ AHooT __ Self-doubt and self-deception
 * Rhetorical Questions:**

Use of rhetorical questions is something societal—the protagonist's place in the wider world Critiquing the society Used when you know your audience well—something you know the audience will know the answer to Writers resembling their protagonists
 * Twain had a very similar journey to Huck–North to South
 * Lermontov is like Pechorin
 * Winston and Orwell? Same fear of technology

Hero is a portrayal whereas 1984 is a critique Foreshadowing in 1984, external foreshadowing (events that will happen to Winston) Hero—foreshadowing less extensive but reveals P's character. (Internal v. external exploration, psychological novels, fate, narrative structure.) Use of setting to foreshadow events and character
 * Foreshadowing:**

Drive the narrative. HF and 1984 rely on symbols to expound ideas about freedom and oppression. __Hero:__ symbolism of setting—the sublime of the mountains vs the dreariness ofthe populated areas also represents freedom from society and frustration atsociety __1984:__ setting can also represent security and freedom vs. oppression __Huck Finn:__ same with Mississippi vs. land—symbolism may not actually bejust the river but the 'stages' of the novel on the rises. Hero & 1984—protagonists are inherently symbolic
 * Symbols:**
 * Lost, superfluous generation vs. the generic individual with

Portrayal v critique v journey Each author uses structures to underpin these purposes Compare Hero & Huck Finn—non-chron vs. chron is logical as Huck matures and changes whilst Pechorin doesn't.
 * Narrative structure:**

Winston's voice pervades the narration—grows as his freedom grows and his individuality rises Hero—character based so multi voiced narrative adds depth and multi-dimensionality to Pechorin—we need different narrators to enthuse us in uncovering Pechorin Huck Finn—Twain establishes a trust and friendship between reader and narrative voice (Huck!) so that we empathize with and follow the journey and maturation of Huck. Twain trying to convince us of something: 1) telling a story 2) including the idea of the young and of the innocent, we trust in the youth and the young
 * Narrative voice:**
 * Shows how he is mentally incapable
 * Symbolism provides an outlet for WInston to facilitate his thoughts—Pechorinsame with the Caucasus.
 * His narrative voice in Hero shows how not one person alone can understandPechorin—ironically not even himself
 * The use of a young (innocent) and gentle narrators an interesting rhetoricaldevice

__ Hero, 1984 __ Adds dramatic irony? Foreshadows __ Huck Finn :__ not unreliable
 * Unreliable narrator:**

Exaggerate how the Party is which causes tension and foreboding Key tool in satire __ Hero: __ balls, women and their reaction to Pechorin, Pechorin himself
 * Hyperbole:**
 * Winston's reaction—perhaps our emotions change towards him

1984—dreariness of society Huck Finn—to satirize certain aspects of overdramatic responses __ 1984 __ 1984—Winston's voice is staccato at the opening; however, the sentences become more fluid/complex as he meets Julia and his freedom inspires on the novel At the end, the 2nd narrator is more mechanical However, the final two papers include a litany of simple sentencing leading to Winston's submission Grammar is clipped when he is more oppressed Are there a lot of noun phrases? __ Hero __ Setting—narrator's syntax is fluid and lyrical (descriptive multi-clause sentencing) The narrator uses a lot of adjectives and nouns (noun phrases) because Lermontov wants to emphasize the sublime nature of the Caucasus and their effect on the Russians. Towards the end there are fewer length noun phrases. This shows Pechorin's lack of understanding of himself. Superficiality in Pechorin's diction when describing himself
 * Litany:**
 * Epiphany—Huck's change towards Jim, drama, but realistic. Shows a change,whereas melodramatic of crying leads to no change.
 * Syntax & Grammar:**
 * At the end the memory sequence is Winston's voice and is more flowing insentence structure
 * Emphasises Romanticism


 * //notes from the extra session - Alice://**

“Moses had been dead a considerable long time; so then I didn’t care no more about him; because I don’t take no stock in dead people” à criticism of the puritanical environment in which Huck lives.
 * Huck’s incredibly charming, but there’s also very confrontational truth to what he says

“She said it was a mean practice and wasn’t clean and I must try to not do it any more” à yet she owns slaves (hypocritical) and she moans about smoking but she takes snuff: “of course that was alright, because she done it herself”

Miss Waston and the widow pound their beliefs into him, they are oppressive and controlling:
 * ‘Don’t put your feet up there, Huckleberry’ ‘don’t scrunch up like that, Huckelberry’

“I was glad about that, because I wanted him and me to be together” – the closeness between Huck and Tom serves initial to expound the differences between them by the end

Deep sense of irony in forcing people to pray.

“I felt so lonesome I most wished I was dead.” à dark… “dead”, “going to die”, “the wind was trying to whisper something to me and I couldn’t make out what it was, and so it made the cold shivers run over me” “THE HOUSE WAS STILL AS DEATH” “I got so down-hearted and scared” à **foreboding his father’s arrival?**

Tom Sawyer provides a sense of relief – he’s a comfortable character who brings a humor and lightness to everything

Everyone who surrounds Huck at the beginning of the novel lets him down – the widow, Miss Watson, the judge…

Judge symbolizes Twain’s critique of the society: “the old man cried, and said he’d been a fool, and fooled away his life” “the judge said he could hug him for them words; so he cried, and his wife she cried again” à satirical attack on the idea of temperance; the satirical element comes through the sense of exaggeration: he cried, then she cried, then he cried again, etc.

In these small communities, legal institutions let down individuals. There is no real thought from the Judge about the actions of the law he represents, there’s only thought on his own puritanical beliefs.

Surrogacy?
 * Jim & Huck**

Huck ultimately has a control over Jim, which we know because of the fact that Jim is a black slave in a time when white supremacy.

Jim is quite didactic towards Huck, with superstition: “you mustn’t count the things you are going to cook for dinner, because that would bring bad luck. The same if you shook the table-cloth after sundown” “Jim said bees wouldn’t sting idiots; but I didn’t believe that, because I had tried them lots of times myself, and they wouldn’t sting me.” à ironic because Huck isn’t an idiot; quite self-deprecating slightly I guess

Superstitions à those who are often superstitious don’t have much control over their life – maybe that’s why Huck is so superstitious at the beginning of the book but loses it the freer he gets

Quite pessimistic through his symbolism; pervading sense of pessimism through his lack of “good luck charms”: “What you want to know when good luck’s a-comin’ for? Want to keep it off?’

“Come in, Huck, but doan’ look at his face – it’s too gashly” Paternal relationship? Jim protects Huck from seeing his father’s dead face – however perhaps Jim knows that if Huck knew his father were dead, Huck might just go back home.
 * Floating house:**

'Show not tell' element – not sure if Huck understand his surrounding; we get a sense of Huck’s naivety and Jim’s experience. “heaps of old greasy cards scattered around over the floor, and old whisky bottles, and a couple of masks made out of black cloth”

“I wanted to talk about the dead man and guess how he had come to be killed, but Jim didn’t want to.”

“wishing I knowed who shot the man, and what they done it for” – Huck doesn’t know his Pap is dead right now, and there have been elements of Huck being haunted by his father at the start of the novel - “the wind was trying to whisper something to me and I couldn’t make out what it was, and so it made the cold shivers run over me” à in some ways, both Huck and Jim are haunted.

“he had an uncommon level head, for a nigger” à the comma shows hesitation, and an afterthought – he’s moving on to accept Jim as having a level of intelligence, coming round to the idea that Jim could be an influence and didactic – countered by the “for a nigger” shows that this transition is not complete and he is rooted in the white mentality of the time.
 * Chapter 14:**

Huck’s excited about the adventures, and Jim says “he didn’t want no more adventures.” **Tom’s influence on Huck** à “I told Jim all about what happened inside the wreck and at the ferry boat and I said these kinds of things was adventures” à interesting because as Huck matures towards the end of the novel, he doesn’t want adventure for the sake of adventure; Tom doesn’t evolve and still does but Huck is more hesitant and questioning of Tom.

Jim also learns from Huck through Huck’s teachings on dukes and Kings.